Antigone Moral Obligation and Civil Disobedience - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1321 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Antigone Essay Civil Disobedience Essay Did you like this example? Greek tragedy often teaches moral lessons at the expense of human life and political will. Antigone is the tragic story of the daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta of Thebes after the army of Argos vanishes and her brothers have killed each other on opposite sides of the battle. While the Greeks were well-aware of the literary history, the tragedy still provides a historical and modern perspective for one of the oldest questions in society: how does one protest an unjust and cruel law that is contrary to moral obligation? The tragic conflict between Creon, Antigone and Ismene illustrates the struggle between the unjust laws of kings and the Greek gods. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Antigone Moral Obligation and Civil Disobedience" essay for you Create order Creon, as the king, represents the dictator of human laws; Ismene represents the frail human emotion of submission to power; and Antigone illustrates the concept of facing unjust and tragic death without doubting its purpose. Antigone is the quintessential character who risks her life to comply with divine order, familial loyalty and social decency in the face of political power. In the process, her actions demonstrate how to follow ones moral soul to do the right thing.Historically, Greeks held burial of the dead as the most sacred of acts. Honoring the dead and their valor plays a significant role in their literature and mythology. Homer provided examples in the Iliad regarding an agreement and ceasefire during the Trojan War to pay homage to the bodies of fallen soldiers and conduct their funerals with admirable rituals. The extraordinary sense of duty and honor continued centuries later in Greek Theatre. Respect and burial of the dead played a significant role between the democratic city and those who fought for it. Sophocles wrote in an era of democracy, but the laws of the gods were still powerful. The citys and the individuals fate were one in the same and even after death, they would be remembered as honorable men continuing to live in the city. The legend of Oedipus and his children was well-known by all of Greece. The conflict between the brothers seeking to rule was a story that repeats throughout history. Thebes was a divine monarchy under attack. Against this landscape, the stories of Antigone begin after th e armies of Argos has vanished and the two sons of Oedipus, Polynices and Eteocles, have killed each other in war. Each brother believed his actions were just. Sophocles interprets the ancient story with the Chorus, whose role changes throughout the play. The city, represented by the Chorus, is summoned by the new ruler, Creon. Creon thanks the citizens for their loyal service and dictates a proper burial for Eteocles to honor his loyalty as a defender of his city. He then prohibits, under punishment of death, any burial of Polynices as a punishment for his treason. The city is aware this law is an assault on their religious laws, but ultimately, they submit to Creons law and are convinced that no one would sacrifice their own life to violate it.In the first scene, Antigone asks her sister, Ismene, to help her bury her brother Polynices. When she sees that Ismene does not have her convictions, Antigone argues that her family has suffered enough. She explains that her father, died in hatred for his actions killing his father and marrying his mother. Then his mother hung herself and their brothers killed each other in war. Ismene can only see the authority of the King and refuses to help Antigone. Antigone challenges Ismene to be a true sister instead of a traditional female who obeys male guardians, especially the king. (Moral and Civil Disobedience. PowerPoint). Antigones purpose is to inject morality into the conflict. Rejected by her sister, Antigone acts with her conscience and buries her brother. She felt it was morally wrong to leave her brother without a proper burial. The rituals did not change the outcome of the battle or dishonor the City. Thus, Antigones rituals with Polynices body in no way harmed anyone. She accepts the consequences of defying the king and the risk to her life. Antigone followed natural law over political law.Creon believes his rules must be obeyed, even if those rules are against the gods he is the almighty ruler and his rule over every man transcends natural law. Creon is arrogant and his power and excessive pride does not allow him to see beyond his own political will. He described his power to his son,you ought to feel within your heart, subordinate to your fathers will in every way. (Fagles, 202). Creon was fully aware of the natural law and custom of burial when he issued his order. He believed he was justified when he determined that Polynices should not be buried , as an appropriate punishment. He does not consider the moral consequences of his decision because he believes his authority is unquestioned among men. Creon believed disobeying his orders carried grave consequences. This belief combined with his excessive pride and paranoia led him to view and act at the extremes. Whomever the gods placed on the throne should be obeyed, no matter how small the matter. He judges as a male chauvinist, imploring his followers to never lose your sense of judgment over a woman (Fagles, 203).never let some woman triumph over us. Better to fall from power, if fall we must, in the hands of a man never be rated inferior to a woman, never. (Fagles, 205-206). When Creon finds out Antigone has disobeyed her, he orders her death. No mortal, especially a woman, has the power to disobey him. While her actions were to follow natural law, Antigones decision to contradict political law conforms to the idea of civil disobedience. To further the basic definition of Civil Disobedience: The main elements of Civil Disobedience include a non-violent protest of unjust actions or laws. (Jones, lecture Antigone). In the play, Antigone followed her personal beliefs to defy state authority because she believed she was following a higher authority. She was not protesting the law to challenge Creons law, she was performing her moral obligation to a higher authority. She accepted the consequences because she believed no mortal had the power to contradict divine laws. Thebes response to her actions is the same goal of any civil disobedience: to question the justness of the law. The tragedy was that Creon could punish her with death, but that he was still powerless to overcome natural law and custom. Antigone takes a position against the political rules and against the state, positioning t he natural law of burial for everyone versus the political law of burying everyone but Polynices. Thebes sides with Creons law, not because they believe, but out of fear of death. Antigones actions lead the city to question that fear with their beliefs.Creon is confronted by his human failure to appreciate divine authority. After Creon sentences Antigone to death, blind prophet confronts him and foreshadows the folly of his acts. Creon realizes his mistake but is too late to save Antigone or his son. This is the triumph of natural law over his political decree. Pious Antigone loses her life but wins a moral victory against Creon. Creon tragically loses his son, his wife and his moral authority in the process. Creons political strength is undermined by his second-guessing, lack of leadership, and ultimately his failure to act. In traditional Greek Society during the Classical Age, women are shown to be submissive in political life. Sophocles Antigone takes on what were traditional male characteristics of strength, leadership and conviction under moral authority. This portrayal was unique during this period of history. Antigone is a strong woman who went beyond death by a tyrant to do what her heart dictated, that is, follow the ethical and moral laws that go beyond human beings. Because she never gave in, she remains true to her beliefs actively chooses to act in a way that guarantees her death.

George Orwell 1984 Reader Response - 1043 Words

Reader Response Analysis In the book 1984 written by George Orwell, the author wanted the readers to understand the message he has created. The message that he has conveyed throughout the book was that the Party took away many of the individual’s rights and freedoms. Orwell has shown specific examples of how the peoples’ rights are taken away throughout the text. Some of these examples include the people do not have their own privacy in the homes, control over their own thoughts, as well as control over emotions. Orwell may have given these examples for the readers to be able to relate to the government today. Today the government uses security cameras as well as they have ability to check phone records. In 1984, George Orwell has created†¦show more content†¦Julia, the girl Winston likes, is then brought into this scene. They look around the apartment and notice that there are no telescreens in this room. He finds it remarkable, this could be a place to go to get away from the telescreens (Orwell 99). From my perspective, the author did this to show that Winston was willing to go to such extreme measures to get away from the Party. Purchasing the journal and coral was dangerous enough if caught by the Party, yet he still considered the upstairs apartment. Since Winston grew up in the Party all he knew was what life was like in it. He tried to get away from the Party, by living in this apartment to see what life was like without your every move being watched. In my opinion, Orwell may have included Julia in this scene’s description so that the readers will understand how he felt towards her. This then reflected on his decisions he made later in the book. Winston and Julia look at the apartment together because relationships are forbidden within the Party. Next the author chose to explain how the government can take control over peoples’ thoughts. Since they always watched everyone, the Party can have an opinion on what they think of your thoughts and actions. If they do not like what you decide they can punish you. For example, in 1984, Winston starts to fall in love with a girl named Julia. Although in the Party relationships are strictly for having children. In the Party you are not supposed toShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell 1984 Reader Response722 Words   |  3 PagesTextual Analysis Rough Draft using Reader-Response The novel, 1984 by George Orwell, is a complex novel evoking many thoughts and emotions as a reader along with showing that the author was effective in conveying his message to the audience. In the first section of the novel, Orwell introduces a society that seems to be quite unusual to many readers completely in the norm for the characters in this novel. The individuals of this society or also know as party, live a life a strict rules and a protagonistRead MoreGovernment Surveillance And Totalitarianism In George Orwells 19841593 Words   |  7 PagesThe Correlation of Government Surveillance and Totalitarianism in 1984 During the production of 1984, author George Orwell never envisioned a tangible reality housing the society he constructed. He wrote the novel as a warning, a cautious exposà © showing those what could happen if society lost its sense of humanity; housed in a painfully relevant satire of totalitarian barbarism. In his novel 1984, George Orwell addresses the issue of government surveillance through his strategic use of point of viewRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 1045 Words   |  5 Pages 1984 Foreword The time period in which 1984 was set was in the year 1984. It was very different from what our â€Å"1984† was like. Even though this book was not based on actual historical events, it does compare to things that happen in our society today. George Orwell also known as Eric Blair was born in 1903 in Motihari, Bengal. Orwell died on January 21st, 1950 in London, United Kingdom. (Woodstock) At the age of six, Orwell was sent to school at a small AnglicanRead More1984 Reader Response Essay599 Words   |  3 PagesReader Response: 1984 The novel 1984 made me paranoid and suspicious of the governments power and intentions. I became aware of the potential manipulation of which the government could impose upon us. The very thing which I depend on for security and protection may be a conniving entity which feeds off of it’s own power and corruption. As I flourished in my naivety, I was unaware that the people I trusted, whom I believed to be wholly dedicated to our well-being as a society, could betrayRead MoreOrwell s Novel, 1984, By George Orwell1235 Words   |  5 Pageswhich they warn the reader, whether it be subtle or blatant. Some authors don’t sugarcoat anything at all and will express how they feel in the darkest ways. When they predict what will happen further in the future and have a very keen idea of what the government will be like is what catches everyone’s eye. They write about these things in order to foreworn what it looks like will happen considering the state at which they l ived in during their time. During the peak of George Orwell’s career wasRead MoreEnglish Year 11 Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pagespeople† Is this true of the texts you have studied? In your response you should relate to your prescribed text (1984) and ONE related text. Power can be defined as many types ranging from physical, psychological, love, status or government. With power comes great responsibility. If power is not controlled, negative consequences could be developed. This is noticeable through the 2 texts that have been analysed, George Orwell 1984 and Disney Pixar Film WALL E. In both these texts, countless typesRead MoreAnalysis Of Annabel s Annabel 1696 Words   |  7 Pagesand their son, Wayne, is faced with the question of his identity. With the pressure to be masculine from his father and his mother’s whispers of being named Annabel, Wayne is conflicted with what it means to be intersex. Stacey’s review gives the readers a well-described insight into the overall story and she pays a great deal of attention to the roles of genders in Kathleen Winter’s novel. 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Architectural Expression Of Power And Identity †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Architectural Expression Of Power And Identity. Answer: Architectural Expression of Power and Identity in Two Case Studies The theme of architectural expression of power and identity will be compared and contrasted in two case studies Melbourne Exhibition Building Reed Barnes and Altes Museum Berlin, Fredrich Shinkel[1]. Architecture as a symbol of power Architecture can be used to meet basic desires of activities done by human beings but can also portray certain meanings which users are unable to interpret. It can therefore be used as a symbol of power when it communicates a political message. Many state leaders built monumental buildings and urban spaces that created symbols of power. Architecture cannot be separated from the effect of a current power system in a country. It has played roles in nationalism, as certain buildings become a symbol of a nation. Architectural identities separate one country from another. The Melbourne Exhibition Building was constructed by Reed and Barnes in 1880. It is divided into the Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens[2]. The entire block of the building has remained intact since it was designated by the Victorian Parliament in 1878. The Carlton Gardens has been a symbol of power especially for the aborigines as the Aborigines Advancement League mainly met and gathered here. Since the 1900s to 1968, the place was an important place of gathering for Aboriginal people. Pastor Doug Nicholls has also been greatly associated with the Carlton Gardens as he used to preach there. This is also a symbol of the power that the church has as it enabled the people to maintain a spiritual life when they went to listen to the teachings and to pray. The Melbourne exhibition is also a symbol of the power of the state. The state parliament was located here between 1901 and 1927 until the provisional parliament house was opened. This was also a venue for the grand opening of the Australian Parliament. The Commonwealth of Australias first Parliament was first commissioned here[3]. In contrast, the Altes Museum in Berlin is also considered as a power symbol. The museum is highly regarded as an important place. It is referred to as a museum of architectural history. Just like the Melbourne exhibition, the Altes Museum is also considered to be a symbol of power in terms of helping people with their spirituality. This is because it is compared to pilgrimage in antiquity and is a flashback of the temples found in ancient Greece. There is also a temple for the arts, which holds sacred works and is open to the public. The Altes Museum is also a symbol of political powers. The museum gives a history of the political history of the country and stands as a symbol of different powers, which have ruled over the years. It is a pillar of the nation and a symbol of national power[4]. Architecture as a symbol of Identity The main role of culture is to give a picture of a peoples mental ideas by introducing the concrete forms and symbolizing the identity of a nation. Architecture plays an important role in this process, as it is the true measure of a peoples culture. Buildings in any nation are a symbol of architectural culture. Culture influences formation of an architectural space by creating laws that lead to functional organization and spatial hierarchy[5]. They also create different memories and beliefs in form of symbols and different objects that are used to create the architectural space. The Melbourne exhibition building symbolizes the identity of the Australian people. This is due to the style used and different aspects of the building, which the Australians can relate with. The Melbourne exhibition has led to building of community life, shaping the cultural life and creating popular culture among Australians[6]. The Altes Museum in Berlin is also a symbol of identity. The museum has different artifacts, which are displayed, dating back to pre-historic times[7]. The people identify with the museum, as they are able to know a history of their towns and how their ancestors used to live. This enables them to understand where they have come from and why they may portray certain behaviors. It is therefore an important symbol of identity as the people are able to discover their heritage once they visit the museum[8]. As seen in the two case studies, architecture is a symbol of power and identity in different places around the world. Certain types of architecture are associated with certain cultures or countries. There should therefore be keenness as the type of architecture portrays the nation and their culture. Bibliography Donovan, Elizabeth. "The role of culture in contemporary theories of sustainable architecture." (2015). Holt, Jared A. "Social and cultural identity in and through architecture." PhD diss., 2014. Investigations of the Royal Exhibition Buildings Western Forecourt, Melbourne."International Journal of Historical Archaeology(2017): 1-24. Lawrence, Susan, and Peter Davies. "Melbourne: The Archaeology of a World City."International Journal of Historical Archaeology(2017): 1-14. Mackowsky, Hans.Karl Friedrich Schinkel: Letters, diaries, thoughts.BoD-Books on Demand, 2015. Major, Janine, Charlotte Smith, and Richard Mackay. "Reconstructing Landscape: Archaeological Paul, Carole. "Authenticity on Display."Journal of Art Historiography11 (2014): 1. Vale, Lawrence.Architecture, power and national identity. Routledge, 2014. Whelan, Yvonne.Heritage, memory and the politics of identity: New perspectives on the cultural landscape. Routledge, 2016.

The Secrets of Management Acquiring the Necessary Information

Information verification is a crucial step in understanding whether the applicant is suitable for working in a company. As York explains, applicants tend to lie about their experience in order to make an impression on the HRM specialist: â€Å"Claims made by applicants may be true, exaggerated, or entirely fictional† (York 37).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Secrets of Management: Acquiring the Necessary Information specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is no need to stress the fact that companies in which a particular applicant used to work are usually very reluctant to provide the company that the person in question applies to in order to obtain a position out of fear for being sued: â€Å"employers are often reluctant to share † (York 37). The answer to the question regarding the means to retrieve the required information from the companies is, in fact, relatively simple. Accordi ng to what York says, it is possible to use the existing labor law statements, according to which, it is unlawful to withhold the negative information on employees, since such tactics is rendered as professional negligence (York 37). The given strategy has several problems, though. On the one hand, because of its efficacy, it seems the most trustworthy means of acquiring verified information. On the other hand, using scare techniques in order to retrieve information hardly fits the basic principles of corporate ethics and morality. Thus, the choice that a company will make hinges on the firm’s code of ethics. It should be kept in mind, though, that the candidate’s statement regarding experience and skills can be tested after completing a specific professional quiz. Who should respond to reference inquiries about former employees? What skills, training, or experience should they have? There is no secret that employees are far from being one hundred percent safe from inj uries in the workplace, especially when it comes to considering the jobs involving labor (e.g., equipment installation, maintenance works, etc.) Therefore, a company is held accountable for employees’ possible injuries. Defining the people responsible for accidents in the workplace will help tackle the possible issues aster. As York explains, employers are considered legally responsible for the injuries that may occur to the employees in the course of the production process: â€Å"Employers have a duty to protect their employees, customers, clients, and visitors from injury caused by employees that the employer knows† (York 37).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, as the definition shows, there is a very thin line between the general threat that an employee may be exposed to and the threat that is recognized as such by the employer and stated in the contract. According to York, the failure to warn the future employer about the injuries that were caused by the candidate in question may be fraught with deplorable consequences for the staff. Although York does not state explicitly what qualities the person reporting on the related injuries and accidents should have, he implies that the employer in question must be competent about the subject in question. While the people providing the referral are defined as â€Å"employers† by the author, the latter stresses that they must be aware of the key issues about the candidate’s record in order to decide whether (s)he is suitable for the job. Works Cited York, Kenneth M. Applied Human Resource Management: Strategic Issues and Experiential Exercises. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010. Print. This critical writing on The Secrets of Management: Acquiring the Necessary Information was written and submitted by user Aaden L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Portrait of Friederike Maria Beer essays

Portrait of Friederike Maria Beer essays In the portrait, I see many vivid colors, reds, yellows, greens, and blues mostly. The lines are very scattered. There are so many it is hard to follow, in places such as her dress, where there are heavy patterns. The texture is soft and blotchy, almost like a watercolor. The woman in the foreground is standing very still, and the people in the background are showing movement, as they are fighting. It is 2 dimensional. There are many shapes that are rounded, and soft. There are even flowers on the ground below the womans feet. It is like she is on a stage, with a small border around it. You see lots of circles. There are no obvious shadows, except some basic shading of the people to make them look dimensional. The lady in the center has on a wild outfit, which consists of several different colors, and shapes. Her puffy pants and heavy fur-trimmed coat contradict the green grass and spring flowers. Gustav Klimt painted this in 1916. This painting is oil on canvas, and approximately 168 x 130 cm. He is said to be living in Weissinbach at the time he painted this particular painting. Even though he moved around so much. It consists of a heavy woman in the foreground, and several fighting men in the background. The woman looks tired and unhappy. It seems that the men are of a different race than her. Maybe it symbolizes the war that was going on at that time. They are holding swords, shields, and have angry faces. I think that it serves the romantic perspective of art. It is very complicated, strange, mysterious, emotional, and rebellious. He uses repetition, which is the source of his splendid decorative effects. He was once described as a pornographer, because of the overly erotic content of many of his paintings. Klimt once said, I am more interested in other people, above all women. The artists intent was romanticism. His emphasis on ...

Roman Plebeian Tribune Definition

Roman Plebeian Tribune Definition The Plebeian Tribune- or tribuni plebis- is also known as the tribune of the people or the tribune of the plebs. The plebeian tribune had no military function  but was strictly a powerful political office. The Tribune had the power to help the people, a function called ius auxilii. The body of the plebeian was sacrosanct. The Latin term for this power is sacrosancta potestas. He also had the power of the veto. The number of plebeian tribunes varied. It is believed there were originally only 2, for a short time, after which there were 5. By 457 B.C., there were 10. The Plebeians Secede The office of plebeian tribune was created in 494 B.C., after the First Secession of the Plebeians. In addition to the two new plebeian tribunes, the plebeians were allowed two plebeian aediles. The election of Plebeian Tribune, from 471, after the passage of the lex Publilia Voleronis, was by a council of plebeians presided over by a plebeian tribune. When the plebeians seceded in 494, the patricians granted them the right of having tribunes with greater power than the patrician tribal heads. These tribunes of the plebs (plebeian tribunes) were powerful figures in Romes Republican government, with the right of veto and more. A patrician, Claudius Pulcher had himself adopted by a plebeian branch of his family so he could run for the office of plebeian tribune under the plebeian name of Clodius. Source A Companion to Latin Studies, by J.E. Sandys

SuperJam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SuperJam - Assignment Example A dashingly young entrepreneur, Fraser Doherty, not even in his 20s, concocted fruit jams with absolutely no sugar and preservatives, using grape fruit instead, to sweeten them. There are varieties of flavors to choose from: blueberry and blackcurrant, rhubarb and ginger fruit, orange and passion fruit, and cranberry and raspberry. What makes SuperJam unique and distinct from other fruit jams is that its ingredients are all sourced from the freshest fruit farms in Scotland and the innovative blend which created new and excitingly healthy flavors. Rhubarb, for instance, was reported to be an antioxidant with loads of Vitamins A and C. Likewise, it is a natural laxative which helps improve cleansing and detoxification of the body’s waste products. When combined with ginger, a tuber which gives a warming and calming effect, the fruit jam concocted is best applied in pies, oatcakes, and porridge. In the video entitled Tricky Business, John Boyle, a multi millionaire and UK’s most successful entrepreneur mentored Fraser Doherty when he reflected on expanding his homemade fruit jam business and planned to market it in supermarkets. Doherty started working on using his grandmother’s jam recipe when he was 14 years old and weathered all sorts of challenges and trials of entrepreneurship. Boyle, during their first encounter, advised Fraser to expand slowly by moving the production to a small factor from his kitchen, to get some investment, and to supply his jam to delis and small shops.

Global climate changes are manmade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Global climate changes are manmade - Essay Example Observations recorded from 1976 indicate an average increase in temperature of 0.12 0C for every 10 years (Dalton-Stein, Knebel & Wicke, 2005). The increase in global temperatures has been credited to the augmentation in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Many scientists and scholars have made the greenhouse effect the common claim supporting the rising temperatures. The greenhouse gases (GHGs) have formed a layer that absorbs long-wave radiations from the earth’s surface (Booker, 2010). This warming has created changes in the seasons with winter becoming shorter and warmer, and the snow coverage has reduced drastically. The mountain vegetation has changed due to the warm temperature, and extreme weather conditions are experienced in various parts of the world (Booker, 2010). Conversely, global warming is caused by the increase in the sun’s temperatures. The average surface temperatures rise faster than those of the atmosphere (Booker, 2010). This is as a result of additional solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface. According to the greenhouse effect, the radiation from the earth’s temperature warms the atmosphere. The surface temperature depends on the intensity of the sun’s radiation. Therefore, the high surface temperatures are as a result of rising radiation from the sun and not the effect of GHGs (Booker, 2010). The cloud cover is responsible for regulating the surface temperatures. Low-level cloud cover is responsible for cooling the earth’s surface. The decrease in cloud cover has increased the net radiation reaching the earth’s surface. The changes in the sun’s radiation have increased its irradiance (Stern, 2007). This effect is transmitted to the earth’s surface, which has the effect of global warming. This supports the claim that global warming is a natural phenomenon due to solar activities. This paper supports the claim that global warming is manmade due to the rising emission of GHGs

Prospectus on Upsc Essay Example for Free

Prospectus on Upsc Essay ABOUT CIVIL SERVICES The Civil Services Exam popularly known as IAS Exam is conducted by UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) every year. It is a combined exam to recruit officers into Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS), Indian Police Service (IPS), Indian Revenue Service (IRS), Indian Audit and Accounts Services, Indian Railway Traffic Service (IRTS) and several other GROUPAGROUP B Central services. All India Services officers i.e., IAS and IPS officers are given state cadres after the selection. The cadre controlling authority of IAS is Ministry of Personnel and Public Grievances, Government of India. The IPS cadre is controlled by Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Overall, the IAS officers as District Collectors play a major role in the administration of the country. LIST OF CIVIL SERVICES FOR WHICH COMBINED EXAMINATION IS HELD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Indian Administrative Service. Indian Foreign Service. Indian Police Service. Indian P T Accounts Finance Service, Group ‘A’. Indian Audit and Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise) Group A Indian Defiance Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. Indian Revenue Service, Group ‘A’. Indian Ordnance Factories Service, Group A (Assistant Works Manager, Administration) Indian Postal Service, Group ‘A’. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Indian Railway Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. Indian Railway Personnel Service, Group ‘A’. Post of Assistant Security Officer, Group A in Railway Protection Force. Indian Defence Estates Service, Group ‘A’. Indian Information Service (Junior Grade), Group ‘A’. Indian Trade Service, Group A (GR.III) Indian Corporate Law Service, Group A Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Service, Group ‘B’ (Section Officer’s Grade) Delhi, Andaman Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman Diu and Dadra Nagar Haveli Civil Service, Group ‘B’ Delhi, Andaman Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman Diu and Dadra Nagar Haveli Police Service, Group ‘B’ Pondicherry Civil Services Pondicherry Police Service, Group B Indian Civil Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. Indian Railway Traffic Service, Group ‘A’. REQUIREMENTS 1. Minimum Educational Qualifications : Graduation in any discipline from a UGC recognized University. Students in final year of graduation are also eligible forthe exam. The eligibility of being graduate is required atthe time of filling Mains form. 2. Age limit: GENERAL : 21 to 30 YEARS O.B.C. : 21 to 33 YEARS (Non-creamy Layer) SC/ST : 21 to 35 YEARS Note: Age is calculated as on 1st August of the year of the examination. 3. Number of attempts allowed: GENERAL : 4 attempts O.B.C. : 7 attempts (Non-creamy Layer) SC/ST : Up to 35 years of age EXAMINATION PATTERN Stages of Examination: (1) Prelims (1) Prelims : †¢ This examination is meant to serve as a screening test only; the marks obtained in the Preliminary Examination by the candidates who are declared qualified for admission to the Main Examination will not be counted for determining their final order of merit. †¢ From the year 2013 onwards the Civil Services (Prelim) Exams shall serve as the Screening Test for both the Civil Services as well as the Indian Forest Service Examinations. †¢ Candidates will be asked to exercise their option to either choose Civil Services or Indian Forest Service or both, as per their eligibility conditions. †¢ Combined Prelim Exams for Civil Services Indian Forest Service, 2014 shall be held on 24th August, 2014.(NOTE:- The dates of Notification, commencement and duration of Examinations are liable to alteration by UPSC. (2) Mains (Written): †¢ †¢ Only those candidates who are declared by the Commission to have qualified in t he Preliminary Examination in the year will be eligible for admission to the Main Examination of that year provided they are otherwise eligible for admission to the Main Examination. Marks thus obtained by the candidates in the Main Examination (written part as well as interview) would determine their final ranking. Candidates will be allotted to the various Services keeping in view their ranks in the examination and the preferences expressed by them for the various Services and Posts. Civil Services Mains (Written Examination), 2014 shall commence from 14th December, 2014. Indian Forest Service Mains (Written Examination), 2014 shall commence from 22nd November, 2014.(NOTE:- The dates of Notification, commencement and duration of Examinations are liable to alteration by UPSC. (2) Mains (Written) (3) Mains (Interview) (3) Mains (Interview): †¢ †¢ Candidates, who obtain such minimum qualifying marks in the written part of the Main Examination as may be fixed by the Commission at their discretion, shall be summoned by them for interview for a Personality Test. Candidates who are selected in the Mains Written Examination will be eligible to appear before the Interview Board at New Delhi. It is usually held by the UPSC in March April. Syllabi for the Examination: I. Prelims: Paper I(General Studies) (200 marks) Duration: Two Hours †¢ Current events of national and international importance. †¢ History of India and Indian national movement. †¢ Indian and World Geography- physical, social, economic geography of India and the world. †¢ Indian Polity and governance – constitution, political system, panchayati raj, public policy, Rights issues, etc. †¢ Economic and social development – sustainable development, poverty, inclusion, demographics, social sector initiatives etc. †¢ General issues on environmental ecology, bio-diversity and climate change-that do not require subject specialization. †¢ General science. Paper II(CSAT) (200 marks) – Duration: Two Hours †¢ Comprehension. †¢ Interpersonal skills including communication skills. †¢ Logical reasoning and analytical ability. †¢ Decision making and problem solving. †¢ General mental abili ty †¢ Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude etc. (Class X level), Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. –Class X level). †¢ English language comprehension skills (Class X level). Note 1: Note 2: The questions will be of the objective type (multiple choice questions) with four alternatives for the answers to every question. For each question for which a wrong answer has been given by the candidate, one-third (0.33%) of the marks assigned to that question will be deducted as penalty except some of the questions where the negative marking will be inbuilt in the form of different marks being awarded to the most appropriate and not so appropriate answer for such questions. The Commission will draw a list of candidates to be qualified for Civil Service (Main) Examination based on the total qualifying marks as may be determined by the Commission, of the two papers put together. Questions relating to English Language Comprehension skills of Class X level (last item in the Syllabusof Paper II) will be tested through passages from English language only without providing Hindi translation thereof in the question paper. Note 3: Note 4: II. Mains Written Examination: †¢ †¢ †¢ The Mains Examination is held for those candidates who qualify the Prelims. The main Examination is intended to assess the overall intellectual traits and depth of understanding of candidates rather than merely the range of their information and memory. The nature and standard of questions in the General Studies papers (Paper II to Paper V) will be such that a well-educated person will be able to answer them without any specialized study. The questions will be such as to test a candidate’s general awareness of a variety of subjects, which will have relevance for a career in Civil Services. The questions are likely to test the candidate’s basic understanding of all relevantissues, and ability to analyze, and take a view on conflicting socio- economic goals, objectives and demands. The candidates must give relevant, meaningful and succinct answers. The scope of the syllabus for optional subject papers (Paper VI and Paper VII) for the examination is broadly of the honors degree level i.e. a level higher than the bachelors’ degree and lower than the masters’degree. In the case of Engineering, Medical Science and law, the level corresponds to the bachelors’degree. Mains Exam pattern, as per the latest Notification, is as under; (Papers not to be counted for merit) Indian Language (One of the Indian Language to be selected By the candidate from the Languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution) (Matriculation or equivalent standard) English (Matriculation or equivalent standard) (Papers to be counted for merit) 250 Marks 250Marks 300 Marks Qualifying Paper; Paper- A Paper- B 300 Marks Compulsory Papers; Paper-I Paper-II Essay General Studies–I (Indian Heritage and Culture,History and Geography of the Worldand Society) General Studies –II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International relations) General Studies –III (Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management) General Studies –IV (Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude) Optional Subject – Paper 1 Optional Subject – Paper 2 Paper-III 250 Marks Paper-IV 250 Marks Paper-V 250 Marks Paper-VI Paper-VII 250 Marks 250 Marks ____________ Sub Total (Written test) 1750 Marks (Each paper of 3 hours duration) Candidates may choose any one of the optional subjects from amongstthe list given below; Agriculture Animal Husbandry Veterinary Science Anthropology Botany Chemistry Civil Engineering Commerce and Accountancy Economics Electrical Engineering Geography Geology History Law Management Mathematics Mechanical Engineering Medical Science Philosophy Physics Political Science and International Relations Psychology Public Administration Sociology Statistics Zoology Literature of any one of the following languages : Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and English Note 1: The question papers will be of conventional (essay) type. Note 2: Evaluation of the papers, namely, ‘Essay’, ‘General Studies’ and Optional Subject of all the candidates would be done simultaneously along with evaluation of their qualifying papers on ‘Indian Languages’ and ‘English’ but the papers on ‘Essay’, General Studies and Optional Subject of only such candidates will be taken cognizance of who attain such minimum standard as may be fixed by Commission at their discretion for the qualifying papers on ‘Indian Language’ and ‘English. Note 3: If a candidate’s handwriting is not easily legible, a deduction will be made on this account from the total marks otherwise accruing to him. Note 4: Marks will not be allotted for mere superficial knowledge. Note 5: Credit will be given for orderly, effective, and exact expression combined with due economy of words in all subjects of the examination. III. Mains Interview (Personality Test): Interview weightage is 275 Marks. The score secured at Interview is added to candidate’s Mains written examination score for ranking. (Ranking is based on score out of 2025 Marks) Note 1: The candidate will be interviewed by a Board who will have before them a record of his career. He willbeasked questions on matters of general interest. Note 2: The object of the interview is to assess the personal suitability of the candidate for a career in public service by a Board of competent and unbiased observers. The test is intended to judge the mental calibre of a candidate. In broad terms this is really an assessment of not only his intellectual qualities but also social traits and his interest in current affairs. Note 3: Some of the qualities to be judged are mental alertness, critical powers of assimilation, clear and logical exposition, balance of judgement, variety and depth of interest, ability for social cohesion and leadership, intellectual and moral integrity. Note 4: The te chnique of the interview is not that of a strict cross†examination but of a natural, though directed and purposive conversation which is intended to reveal the mental qualities of the candidate. Note 5: The interview test is not intended to be a test either of the specialized or general knowledge of the candidates which has been already tested through their written papers. Candidates are expected to have taken an intelligent interest not only in their special subjects of academic study but also in the events which are happening around them both within and outside their own State or Country as well as in modern currents of thought and in new discoveries which should rouse the curiosity of well educated youth. COURSE SCHEDULE GENERAL STUDIES PRELIM-CUM-MAINS-CUM-INTERVIEW 2014 COURSE Duration: Course Coverage: Till November, 2014 Prelims Exam: Paper I General Studies Paper II CSAT Mains Written Exam: Paper – I Essay Paper-II General Studies- I Paper-III General Studies- II Paper-IV General Studies- III Paper-V General Studies- IV Mains Interview: Personality Test (200 Marks) (200 Marks) (250 Marks) (250 Marks) (250 Marks) (250 Marks) (250 Marks) (275 Marks) (Lectures with Study materials and test series) Timing: WEEK DAY BATCHES Monday to Friday WEEK DAY BATCHES Monday to Friday WEEK DAY BATCHES Monday to Friday WEEK DAY BATCHES Monday to Friday FORT 07.00 am to 09.00 am DADAR 06.30 pm to 08.30 pm THANE 07.00 am to 09.00 am NERUL 07.30 am to 09.30 am WEEK END BATCHES POWAI Saturday Sunday 03.00pm to 07.00pm (Note: Schedule subject to change without prior intimation) Test Series: Regular Subject-wise and Full Syllabus Test Series Prelims Paper I II Mains Paper I to V `.55, 000/- (12.36% Service Tax extra) Fees: GENERAL STUDIES MAINS-CUM-INTERVIEW 2013 COURSE Duration: Course Coverage: 4 months Mains Written Exam: Paper – I Essay Paper-II General Studies- I Paper-III General Studies- II Paper-IV General Studies- III Paper-V General Studies- IV (250 Marks) (250 Marks) (250 Marks) (250 Marks) (250 Marks) Mains Interview: Personality Test (275 Marks) (Lectures with Study materials and test series) Timing: DADAR Saturdays Sundays (Note: Schedule subject to change without prior intimation) Test Series: Regular subject-wise Full syllabus test series (Paper I to V). Fees: `.35, 000/- (12.36% Service Tax extra) 09.00 am to 07.00 pm OPTIONAL SUBJECT – 2013 COURSE Duration: Timing: HISTORY Saturday (4 hours) Sunday (4 hours) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Saturday (4 hours) Sunday (4 hours) POLITICAL SCIENCE Saturday (4 hours) Sunday (4 hours) GEOGRAPHYNERUL Saturday (4 hours) Sunday (4 hours) SOCIOLOGY Saturday (4 hours) Sunday(4 hours) (Note:Schedule subject to change without prior intimation) FORT 09.00 am to 01.30 pm DADAR 09.00 am to 01.30 pm THANE 09.00 am to 01.30 pm Till October 2013 09.00 am to 01.30 pm POWAI 09.00 am to 01.30 pm Test Series: Fees: Regular topic-wise full syllabus Test Series (Paper VI VII) `.20, 000/- (12.36% Service Tax extra) INTERVIEW (PERSONALITY TEST) Duration: Course Content: 3 Months Mock interviews. 1 year Current Affairs sessions Debates on topics of national, international and social relevance Seminars and Presentations `.10, 000/-(12.36% Service Tax extra) â€Å"A. A. Shah’s Book House†IAS exclusive Bookshop All relevant Books, Magazines, Materials, Photocopies, Previous Years Question Papers (Solved – unsolved) For General Studies all Optional Subjects in UPSC available at all branches; Fort Dadar Thane Nerul Fees: COURSE FOR UNDER-GRADUATES PRE-IAS FOUNDATION COURSE A. A. SHAHs Foundation Course is formulated in such a manner that the students get used to the basic content of the Civil Services Examination syllabus at an early stage. The objective of foundation course is to sensitize the aspirants with the essential knowledge and skills which will lay a sound foundation for his\her pursuit in Civil Services Examination. Considering the maturity level of the aspirants, a phased approach is recommended. Accordingly the foundation course will be introduced as the first stage in the course of preparation before CSAT and Mains preparation stages commence. They will have a clear edge over fresher’s in their year of attempting Civil Services Examination. Eligibility for Foundation Course: Course Duration: Students of XI, XII, 1st year Degree course and 2nd year Degree course 2 Years coaching including 6 months Test Series, interactive lectures and discussions on weekly and monthly basis. Based on syllabus of General Studies papers of Civil Servi ces Prelims Exams of UPSC. Current Affairs, General Knowledge,Indian Polity, History, Geography, Science,Economics, CSAT: Comprehension, Interpersonal Skills, Logical Reasoning, Decision Making Problem Solving, General Mental Ability, Basic Numeracy, Data Interpretation, English Language Comprehension Skills. Course content: Students will be trained in the technique of reading newspapers, magazines and making notes to help them in their preparation for Civil Services Exams conducted by UPSC. Field visit will also be scheduled to understand governance and development issues in India. (Charges Extra) Batch Timing : Tue Thu Sat Course Fee: WEEK DAY BATCHES Mon Wed Fri (FORT NERUL) (DADAR THANE) 04.00 pm to 06.00 pm 04.00 pm to 06.00 pm (Note: Schedule subject to change without prior intimation) `.35, 000/(12.36% Service Tax extra) (Note: Students enrolled for Pre-IASFoundation Course are eligible for 30% fee concession in General Studies Prelim-cum-Mains-cum-Interview Course) AA Shah’s Young IAS for student s of Std. I to XI Abacus Young IAS Elementary Course Vedic Math Group Tuition Young IAS Intermediate Course ABOUT US â€Å"A. A. Shah’s IAS Institute, Mumbai†, as the name suggests, is an institute dedicated to IAS aspirants in Mumbai. We have branches located at Fort, Dadar, Powai, Thane and Nerul.Branches at Fort, Dadar, ThaneNerulare at walking distance from respective Railway Stations. The branch at Powai is near IIT Main Gate. We provide coaching for General Studies and other optional subjects, as per new pattern. We have recently added Reading Room and Libraryfacility at selected branches. We have free counseling sessions to help all IAS aspirants at each stage of preparation to overcome difficulties, nervousness and to resolve queries. We also help in arranging lodging facilities near the institute for dedicated and out-station students. â€Å"A. A. Shah’s IAS Institute, Mumbai† has been set up to groom the winner in you. Coaching at A. A. Shah’s does not end at the end of a lecture. We shall be equal stakeholders in your preparation, which requires complete dedication and full commitment to ensure success. Civil services Exam preparation is not an easy job. In the present competitive scenario, you have to ensure that you stay ahead in the race. The institute shall be a continuous source of motivation for all its students. We are thetrend-setter. We do not intend to replicate any institute in Mumbai or in Delhi. In the short span we have taken the lead position in the field of IAS coaching. We have been innovating at every step to bring forward the best techniques for your success. You shall be guided with all the RELEVANT (it is the key) materi al, the perfect strategy, all the necessary notes, study material, book list, previous years’ question papers and solutions. It shall be ensured that you have an all-round coverage of the syllabus. We expect complete discipline, seriousness and dedication from your side to bring out the winner in you. ‘AA Shah’s Book House’, an exhaustive exclusive Book Store, where your search for books, magazines, notes ends. We are also providing coaching for MPSC, Staff Selection and Banking apart from UPSC exams on public demand. Looking forward to be stakeholders in your preparation and success! CONTACT US : 9004078746 Fort Guru Kripa, Bahubali,Cawasji Patel Street, Behind People’s Book House, Between Hutatma Chowk Horniman Circle, Fort, Mumbai† 400 001. Tel: 022- 2204 4777 Mob: 9029098746 Dadar 221, Gohartaj Bldg., Dr. B. A. Road, Hindmata, Dadar (East), Mumbai † 400 014 Tel: 022- 2415 4777 Mob: 7738388746 Powai 1st Tel: 022- 25709911 Mob: 9029098748 139, Floor, Powai Plaza, Hiranandani Business Park, Near IIT Main Gate, Powai, Mumbai – 400 076. Thane Paranjpe Udhyog Bhavan, 3rd Floor, Opp. Shiv Sagar Restaurant, Ambedkar Chowk, Station Road, Thane (West) † 400 601 Tel: 022- 2540 4777 Mob: 8652744447 Nerul B†112, Floor, Nerul Railway Station Complex, Nerul (East), Navi Mumbai † 400 706. 1st Tel: 022- 2771 4477 Mob: 9773388746

Sports and Recruitment for Colleges Essay -- Recruiting Process Colleg

Every Saturday, college campuses all across the nation are a buzz with activities. The football team prepares for this week?s game. The girl?s soccer team and volleyball teams play on Saturday and Sunday. The boy?s soccer team travels for an away game. Colleges and universities everywhere depend on various sports as a way of recruitment, entertainment, and physical activity for students. However, before 1972 women did not share the same opportunity to participate in intercollegiate sports. Up until 1972 there were no rules governing sexism in intercollegiate sports. Then, when President Nixon signed into law the Education Amendments Acts, part of the new law was called Title IX. This part of the new law abolished sexism in intercollegiate sports. Since its inception, Title IX has lead to giant steps in women?s sports. Understanding what Title IX is will help to understand how Title IX has helped bring on gains for all women. The Education Amendments Act of 1972 was signed into law on June 23, 1972 by President Richard Nixon (Wulf, 79). Part of this larger bill was an amendment called Title IX. This part of the bill called for an end to sexual bias in institutions that receive federal funds. Though Title IX did not have any specific correlation to intercollegiate sports, on the playing field is where it has been used most. In 1975, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare extended Title IX?s boundaries to athletics, saying recipients of federal funds must provide ?equal athletic opportunity?(Guenin 35). Now extended to athletics, there are three major stipulations colleges must cover to satisfy the Title IX laws. These three stipulations are government set regulations. Congress never approved the po... ...rown claimed that females had the chance to equal the ratio, but failed to attempt to fill the teams (Guenin 37). Brown spent over one million dollars defending themselves in court. This money could have been used to possibly expand female?s athletics.. The school ended up losing the court battle almost four years later. Like all laws, how one interprets them determines their effectiveness. Since President Richard Nixon signed the Education Amendments Act of 1972, women?s sports have taken a giant leap. Part of this new law, Title IX, outlawed sexual discrimination in intercollegiate athletics. This gave women the necessary step to reach the same level as men. ?Women don?t have to have 50% of the varsity positions to succeed in athletics. They need equal opportunity.?(Mahoney 78). Title IX started the process of ending sexual discrimination everywhere.

Macroindividual Essay

I need to explain the uses, problem and critically examine the uses or problems with real life examples. Question 1 Briefly explain the uses of National Income Statistics. Comparison over Time According to Vengedasalam D. and Madhavan K. (2010), national income able to state the economy’s performance whether is progressing, stagnating or deteriorating on yearly basis from national income figures. For example like Singapore, their national income has improved steadily over the years which indicate that the country have a stable economy and high in productivity. As for economies in countries such as India, China, and Bangladesh are stagnating and should take action to increase their growth and development. However countries such as Vietnam, Cambodia, and some African countries have deteriorated in terms of economic performance. Comparisons between Countries Ali H. (1999) stated that we can differentiate the development and developing countries through national income. According to an international organization, OECD (Organization Economic Cooperation and Development) statistic, Singapore was the 13th richest country in the world. OECD is to tackle the country performance to estimate the country is developed or still developing. Countries such as Ethiopia, Myanmar, Bangladesh and most of the Asian states are the poorer nations. Measurement the Standard of Living According to Vengedasalam D. and Madhavan K. (2010), nationwide earnings information able to help us evaluate the quality lifestyle of individuals in different nations and the individuals residing in the same nations at different times. There is a correlation between national income and standard of living because when income is high, standards of living is high; when income is low, standards of living is low. For example countries such as United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia have high national income and also high standards of living. However, as for the countries such as Ethiopia and Myanmar have low national income leads to low standards of living. Balance of Payment Ali H. (1999) stated that stability of transaction can be determine as the complete of expenses and invoices that a nation generates as result of transfer and trade worldwide with other nations. We can approximately calculate whether the nation will face lack or excess balance of transaction through the nationwide earnings data. There will be an output of forex from the nation and this will lead to disequilibrium in the complete amount of transaction if earnings paid overseas are far greater than earnings obtained overseas. National Planning According to Vengedasalam D. and Madhavan K. (2010), national planning also knows as planning of each of the countries which based on the national income statistic, the government will formulate its short term and long term economic planning. In this case, Karl E. Case and Ray C. Fair (2003) stated on the basis of present economic performance, the government will have to forecast future developments. This which if income increase, plans for the future will increase; same goes to if income decrease, plans for the future will decrease. This also important and why all the countries have to collate data on national income. Question 2 Discuss the problems involved in calculating the GNP per capita of an economy. Underground Economy O’Sullivan A. , Sheffrin S. M. , and Perez S. J. (2012) stated that one of the significant problems from measured GDP is so-called underground economy where transactions are not reported to official authorities. According to Lipsey (1998), some transactions are perfectly legal, but for the people do not report their income that they have generated it is because they wanted to avoid paying taxes. For example plumber who repairs pipes leakages in the toilet and only receive payment by cash which is to avoid taxes and these transactions are not recorded so they are excluded from GDP. According to Tucker I. B. (2008), some transaction such as illegal gambling, illegal drugs, illegal guns prostitution, and loan-shark are goods and services that meets every requirement for GDP but GDP does not include unreported criminals activities. Nonmarket Activities According to Lipsey (1998), dealings that do not take position in the structured industry are also being disregards by GDP. For illustrations like solutions that individuals do for themselves in their own houses because these solutions are not moved through markets; this is so GDP statisticians cannot evaluate them. Tucker I. B. (2008) stated nonmarket activities that are not transferred though the markets such as homemaker production, do-it-yourself activities, childcare services, and voluntary work. Problem of Illiteracy Vengedasalam D. and Madhavan K. 2010) stated that problem of illiteracy most happen in third world countries like Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, India, and many African nations which the people there do not know how to keep accounts of their productive activities. With this problem of illiteracy, the governments of these countries will have difficulties in getting information such as estimated value of home produced product. For example people there do not have knowledge on marketing and finance which makes them do not know the value of product they are selling. Problems of Expertise According to Vengedasalam D. nd Madhavan K. (2010), one of the major problems of developing countries is shortage of professionals. In order to measure the national income accurately, we need the professional services such as statisticians, analysts, programmers, researchers. With these professionals in the developing countries will be able to present the national income data accurately with less technical and human errors. For example if the country do not have programmer, they need to record the national income data in papers and there will be more human errors. Lack of Sophisticated Machinery Vengedasalam D. and Madhavan K. (2010) stated that technical aspect is as important as human factor. Technical aspect such as having sophisticated machinery is needed to compute data and information. For example, problems that developing countries like Indonesia and Peru are facing the problem of technical experts and technical equipment. There countries need this latest and advance machinery to compute massive volume of data. In the end, data that collected on national income need to be analyzed using sophisticated machinery regardless of which method is used. Question 3 Explain with examples whether you support its use as a measure of quality of life in a country. No, I do not support its uses as an evaluation of total well-being in a nation. The factors as follows: Problem of Illiteracy Third world countries like Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, India, and many African nation facing this problems in which the people there do not know how to keep accounts of their productive activities. For example, Memon G. R. (2007) stated Pakistan has one of the smallest expenses of details on the globe, and the smallest among nations of relative resources and public or financial conditions. With a per close relatives earnings of over $450 Pakistan has an older details amount of 49%, while both Vietnam and Local Indian native with less per close relatives earnings have details expenses of 94% and 52%, respectively (Human Development Middle, 1998). Knowledge is greater in places and in the areas of Sindh and Punjab, among the greater earnings group, and in men. Nonmarket Activities According to Shaheen S. , Sial M. H. , Awan M. S. (2011), woman’s option about contribution in work market is of crucial importance in determining living standard, dependency stress and saving design in homes. Women signify about half of the people in this country in Pakistan. But in Pakistan mostly female’s execute happens in non-market activities in the home or the informal market. In recent past women contribution in modern market activities has been increasing. Factors determining the profession of women are extremely complex. At the individual level female’s option to execute is topic to such factors as the availability to projects, knowledge level and skills. Underground Economy One of the problems from measured GDP is so-called underground economy where transactions are not reported to official authorities. According to Schneider F. and Enste D. H. (2000), the results from eight nations in African-american are revealed, among these, Nigeria and The red sea have the biggest subterranean financial systems with 76 % and 68 % of GDP; Mauritius has the tiniest subterranean economic system with 20 %. Implementing the forex requirement strategy, Tanzania had a subterranean economic system of 31 % (of GDP) in 1989–90, and Southern African-american, 9 % in 1989 to 1990. The position of the size the subterranean financial systems for the Africa nations is reinforced by identical results and historical proof from Pozo (1996); Lawrence Chickering and Muhamed Salahdine (1991); and Lubell (1991). Conclusion I have explained the uses and problems. I have also examined the problems with real life examples.

Crime and Society Crime Is the Result of Individuals Making Choices to Commit Crime Essay

Running Head: Crime and Society CCJ18 1 Crime is the result of individuals making choices to commit crime; it is not the result of their social circumstances. Discuss this statement. This paper will address sociological theories relating to why a person becomes a criminal. It has been suggested that a person may commit certain crimes for economic reasons and to provide for their families. Their personal circumstances and status in society might be the reason why a person feels their only option is to engage in criminal behaviour. Using empirical research demonstrating some reasons working class and upper-middle class convicted criminals have given for choosing to commit their crimes (Willott, Griffin, & Torrance, 2001) as well as identifying reasons why an individual may commit a violent street crime (Silverman, 2004), it will be argued that while society does influence the decisions a person makes, ultimately it is the individual’s choice as to whether they abide by the law or break it. Criminal offences can range from something as minor as a speeding ticket to more serious crimes like burglary, white-collar crime and violent crimes. In fact it has been said that minor crimes occur so frequently that they can actually be viewed as normal. (Howitt, 2009). Theories surrounding why a person may commit a crime range from genetic reasons such as Eysenck’s biological theory of crime through to learned processes for example Bandura’s social learning theory or Sutherland’s differential association (Howitt, 2009). Some criminologists have claimed that social factors are completely irrelevant and people choose how to behave. Mehlkop and Graeff (2010) for example, have cited Becker and his view that criminal behaviour has nothing to do with an individual’s social status and that choosing to engage in criminal activity is a rational process whereby a decision is made in order to benefit the offender one way or another. Conversely, Robert Merton has claimed that people living in low socio-economic environments may resort to obtaining money and basic Crime and Society CCJ18 needs through criminal means as legal opportunities are scarce (Bessant, & Watts, 2007). If it is to be assumed that a person’s  social circumstances do determine whether or not they become criminal then it can also be assumed that those who are more financially privileged would have no need to commit crime in order to meet their financial needs, but as Willott et. al (2001) have demonstrated, this is not the case. In their 1999 study, Willott and Griffin identified that working-class men excuse their criminal behaviour by claiming sole responsibility for providing for their families. In semi-structured group interviews with working-class offenders the men identified that legitimate ways to earn an income were scarce, they had been let down by the State, and that they were forced to engage in some types of crime to provide for their families. These men felt as if they are not real criminals, and it is the State and the government who are the real criminals by not providing them with opportunities to earn a legal income. They believed they were victims of circumstance. Interestingly, upper-middle class men who were interviewed in the same way excused their behaviour similarly. Willot et. al. (2001) discovered that these men used a similar excuse of having to provide for others, except in these circumstances the men felt that not only did they have to provide for their own families, but for the families of their employees too. Like the working-class men, they shunned responsibility off themselves and blamed the legal system for their criminal status, believing that they should have received some sort of special treatment and their trials should not have been heard in the same courts as ‘real criminals’. Like the working-class men, they believed they were victims of circumstance. Arguably, any adult with a family has a responsibility to provide for that family and would feel stress and pressure to provide adequately yet not everybody resorts to providing through criminal means (Slovenko, 2007). The men’s reasoning for their criminal activity 2 Crime and Society CCJ18 cannot be justified by their social circumstances. Both groups of men from different socio-economic backgrounds have chosen to engage in crime, no matter what their reasons are. Mehikop & Graeff (2010) identified rational choice theory where it is claimed that all crimes are thought through logically and specific laws are broken for very definite  reasons designed to benefit the offender. They have stated that ‘actors choose a certain action if they positively evaluate it and if they expect their peers to advocate this behaviour’ (Mehlkop, & Graeff, 2010 p.195). This appears to be the case with the men in Willott et. al.’s studies. and it can be argued that this type of crime is not the result of their social circumstances, but rather an active decision that the individual has made. While similarities in economic crime are apparent throughout different social conditions, other types of crime such as violent crime and property crime are more prevalent in poorer communities and these types of crime could occur more frequently as a result of social conditions. In the USA in 2000, violent crime made up around twenty-five per cent of all crime with the majority of these acts taking place in poorer communities. Silverman (2004), identified that the majority of these attacks were not for financial gain but rather for status. The offenders commit assaults and robberies in order to create a reputation that they are to be feared or respected thus becoming less likely to be victims of violent crime themselves. Silverman identified three personality types in these violent communities. The ‘Streets’ who are very likely to involve themselves in violent acts as they perceive these acts as being beneficial to their reputations, ‘Decents’ who would rather not be involved in these types of activities but may become involved in order to protect themselves from falling victim themselves, and the ‘Weaks’ who would never engage in any type of violent crime. 3 Crime and Society CCJ18 Silverman has noted that the Weaks simply cannot engage in violence and have no choice to make about whether or not they get involved. Although it is not stated directly, this implies that the Streets and the Decents choose how to behave and is indicative that although the social circumstances of these people does influence their decision to commit a violent offence, it is ultimately still a thoughtful decision that they make. Actively choosing to partake in criminal activity stands in direct opposition to Paternoster and Pogarsky’s (2009) claims that people who are able to think in a thoughtful and reflective way are able to make better long term decisions and therefore not likely to be involved in criminal  activity. They claim that those who take part in thoughtfully reflective decision making are able to see alternative options to an action they may be considering and therefore will chose to behave legally. The Decents in Silverman’s study do not demonstrate this reasoning. They understand that if they do not build a reputation of fear and respect for themselves then they will fall victim to crime regularly as the Weaks do, and a criminal conviction is favourable to this although they may not think that their behaviour is acceptable (Silverman, 2004). Additionally, this theory doesn’t relate to people who have committed traditionally higher-class crimes such as tax evasion or white-collar crime, which invariably take a lot of thoughtful planning and preparation (Mehlkop, & Graeff, 2010). Suggesting that every criminal act is a well thought out decision would be imprecise. Mundane crimes which have low visibility to the average person such as traffic offences or public order offences generally occur impulsively and may be due to genetic factors such as low self-control or learned behaviour (Gibbons, 1983). Claiming that a person becomes criminal by choice is quite a conservative view as demonstrated by law professor Ralph Slovenko (1999). He states that there 4 Crime and Society CCJ18 are many people who live in poverty and the majority of these people do not break the law for their own benefit, but more controversially suggests that one person might choose a criminal career in the same way another may choose a professional career. Both Willott & Griffin (1999) and Silverman (2004) have identified that some of the criminals that they studied would rather live a legitimate lifestyle and justify their actions as being a means to an end and they may not have broken the law under different financial or social circumstances. They do not believe they chose a life of crime as Slovenko has suggested. To say that a person’s social circumstances will determine whether or not they become deviant is too much of a black and white view. In Willott et. al.’s 1999 and 2001 studies, both working-class men and middle-class men cited the same reasons for committing economic crime although their social circumstances are very different. In addition, Silverman has claimed that  the Weaks in his study have no choice in their actions but the Streets and the Decents do, even if they do not like what they are doing. Perhaps the Decents would choose to behave differently in a less harsh social environment but there is no evidence in this paper to support this. Furthermore, Mehikop & Graeff (2010) have identified rational choice theory claiming that those who have broken the law have chosen to in order to benefit themselves and as Slovenko rightly points out, not everybody who is under financial pressure resorts to law breaking. This is not to claim that a person’s social circumstances do not influence their lifestyle in anyway whatsoever, but it is certainly not the penultimate factor in determining what has made a person criminal. 5 Crime and Society CCJ18 References Bessant, J., & Watts, R. (2007). Sociology Australia, 3rd edition. Crows Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin. Gibbons, D. C. (1983). Mundane crime. Crime & Delinquency, 29(2), 213-227. Howitt, D. (2009) Introduction to Forensic and Criminal Psychology 3rd Edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Mehlkop, G., & Graeff, P. (2010). Modelling a rational choice theory of criminal action: Subjective expected utilities, norms and interactions. Rationality and Society, 22(2), 189-222 Paternoster, R., & Pogarsky, G. (2009). Rational choice, agency and thoughtfully reflective decision making: The short and long-term consequences of making good choices. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25, 103-127 6 Silverman, D. (2004). Street crime and street culture. International Economic Review, 45(3), 761-786. Slovenko, R. (1999). Criminals by choice. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 43, 248-249 Willott, S., & Griffin, C. (1999). Building your own lifeboat: Working-class male offenders talk about economic crime. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 445-460. Crime and Society CCJ18 Willott, S., Griffin, C., & Torrance, M. (2001). Snakes and ladders: Upper-middle 7 class male offenders talk about economic crime. Criminology, 39(2), 441-466.

Economic Impact Of Mega Sports Tourism Essay Essay Example

Economic Impact Of Mega Sports Tourism Essay Essay Example Economic Impact Of Mega Sports Tourism Essay Essay Economic Impact Of Mega Sports Tourism Essay Essay The usage of athleticss markets to research inquiries of economic involvement has a long history as the bulk of this literature analyses US athleticss, notably American football, hoops, baseball, and ice hockey, whilst there is besides a considerable involvement in association football, the prima universe athletics ( For illustration, the 1998 European Short Course Swimming, 1999 European Show Jumping and the 2001 World Half Marathon Championships ) . Over the past two decennaries at that place has been increased competition among metropoliss, parts and states to host mega featuring events Therefore Government and other advocates of major featuring events normally seek to endorse up their claims of the event supplying an economic encouragement by commissioning an economic impact statement. For illustration, Economic Research Associates ( 1984 ) survey of the Los Angeles Olympics, Humphreys and Plummers ( 1992 ) survey of the Atlanta Olympics, and KPMG Peat Marwick s ( 1993 ) survey of the Sydney Olympics. A Hosting a athletics event has revealed a figure of benefits in our communities and of those benefits, some grounds like increasing community visibleness, positive psychic income, and heightening community image are all common and acceptable postulations.A Economic impact in featuring events can be defined as the net alteration in an economic system ensuing from a athletics event and the alteration is caused by activity affecting the acquisition, operation, development, and usage of athletics installations and services ( Lieber and Alton, 1983 ) which in bend generate visitants disbursement, public disbursement, employment chances, and revenue enhancement gross. In survey of economic impact Outgos can be categorized as direct, indirect, and induced effects. For illustration direct outgo is the investing needed to run into the increased demand of visitants for goods and services. Indirect effects are the ripple consequence of extra unit of ammunitions of re-circulating the initial wit nesss dollars. Induced effects are the addition in employment and household income that consequence from the economic activity fueled by the direct and indirect effects ( Dawson, Blahna, A ; Keith, 1993 ; Howard A ; Crompton, 1995 ) . A Sports Economicss possesses significant experience in economic consulting to the athleticss industry, with specific cognition of the economic impact of installations, events, and squads so sing the promotion and examination environing such surveies, it is imperative to choose a house that non merely has significant experience, but besides has a repute for systematically supplying an accurate appraisal of economic impact. A A There are following grounds to carry on economic impact surveies of athletics events and First, because many athletics events in our communities were financed by public revenue enhancement support, economic impact surveies continue to be an of import public dealingss tool for metropolis authorities. Second, there is uncertainty that featuring events may really assist develop a community in comparative to its economic system hence, accurate estimations should be proposed and the consequences should be reported to community members and Third, as athletics is non merely an amusement but an industry so the consequences of economic impact may be a basis to develop many related concerns in communities. Finally, positive or negative economic consequences of sport events may be an of import method to find communities bill of exchange budget for the approaching twelvemonth so as an illustration in July of 2001, Beijing was awarded the 2008 Summer Olympic Games so most people assume that such an event will convey tremendous economic benefits to the host metropolis non merely during the event, but for old ages subsequently. The graduated table of the organisation, installations and substructure required for such a immense project are such that the Games can non but have significant economic effects ( Sydney 2000 Games, p 2 ) but what precisely are these economic effects, and how do they impact the quality of life of local occupants? A The relevancy of surveies for illustration, such as these to the Beijing games depends in portion on the similarity of the economic conditions in China to old hosts so it seems logical that a less developed state will hold more to derive from long term growing chances. Matheson and Baade ( 2003 ) argue, nevertheless, that the chances of mega-sporting events are even worse for developing states and the chance costs of supplying province of the art installations are much higher and deficiency of modern substructure requires important extra investing. Literature Review on Economic Impact Studies Precursor The purpose of this literature reappraisal is to understand direct and indirect impact of major athleticss events on economic system and understand how major athleticss can open new dimension in economic system. This has been done through mentioning assorted diaries, articles and magazines ; besides a study has been carried out as portion of primary research to analyse impact of major athleticss event on Economy ; nevertheless proof of informations collected is capable to beginnings and prevalent conditions. Final stage of this survey on IPL screens analysis of part of IPL to Indian economic system, It analyze that how IPL has opened a new dimension for Indian economic system to turn and attracts domestic and foreign investors. This stage besides covers SWOT analysis of IPL, grounds critical to success of IPL and future in front. Statement of Purpose Previously many research surveies have contributed to understand economic impact of athletics and/or recreational events ; nevertheless most surveies are based upon the research workers personal perceptual experience and arguable methodological analysis. The intent of this survey was to reexamine old economic impact surveies and to build model for carry oning an economic impact survey. This full theoretical model has been tested by analysing a instance survey of economic Impact of mega athleticss events like Indian Premier League on Indian economic system. Literature Review To analyze Economic impact of athleticss is disputing subject in the field of direction Fieldss because gauging the economic impact of featuring events and do some constructive statement is really hard and subjective. Due to the subjective nature of societal scientific discipline, thoughts and methodological analysis vary from individual to individual for carry oning economic impact surveies. The chief barrier behind carry oning societal scientific discipline research is based on the degree of fight and belief in apprehension of the stuff. and besides societal objects are hidden behind a screen of pre-constructed discourses which present the worst barrier to scientific probe, and infinite sociologists believe they are speaking about the object of survey when they are simply relaying the discourse which, in athletics as elsewhere, the object produces about itself, whether through its functionaries, protagonists or journalists ( Bourdieu, 1999 ) . Therefore, building of truly scientifi c objects implies a interruption with common representations, which can notably be effected by taking these pre-notions as the object of survey so this study examines the wider benefits that move beyond the economic impact and suggestions the acceptance of the balanced scorecard attack to event rating. This amalgamate piece of research physiques on the original Measuring Success in 1999 which was based on the premiss that major athleticss events have the possible to accomplish important economic impacts for the host town, metropolis or country but economic impact is now one of the parametric quantities upon which an event s success is measured.A States, who host the mega athleticss event, should do a roadmap for important investings in athleticss locales and other substructure. It is by and large assumed that the graduated table of such event and roadmap of the readying for it will make big and long permanent economic benefits to the host state. This would ensue in immense economic benefits that would hold important economic impact. However unluckily these surveies are constructed around misapplications of economic theoretical model that virtually guarantee their projections will be big. Ex-post surveies have systematically showed no grounds of positive economic impacts from mega-sporting events even remotely nearing the estimations in economic impact surveies. For illustration, in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China have put up immense investings in substructure and installation diversion to a new degree. The chance for long term economic benefits from the mega athleticss event like Beijing, critically depend on how good mega athleticss events related investings in locales and substructure can be incorporated into the overall economic system in the old ages following the Games In current scenario economic impact surveies have become standard operating process for protagonists of public support for athleticss events. It has led to acceptance of their findings by the authorities and public due to their prevalence with no critical rating. Due to the immense investing involve in such high profile mega athleticss events, big and positive Economic effects are taken as given ; the surveies confirm what is already believed. The promise of worldwide exposure and economic addition has made hosting these major and on a regular basis scheduled featuring personal businesss a moneymaking end for draw a bead oning metropoliss around the universe ( Short 2000, p. 320 ) . Hosting a mega athletics event like Olympic, has exhibited a figure of big and long permanent benefits in our communities like heightening community image, increasing community visibleness and positive psychic income are all common and acceptable predications. However, athletics is non merely limited to an amusement, besides it act as full fledge industry, the consequences of economic impact may be a basis to develop many related concerns in communities. Positive or negative economic consequences of sport events may be a critical factor to find communities bill of exchange budget for the approaching twelvemonth. Mega-events such as the Olympic Games necessitate big amounts of public money to be spent on locales and substructure betterments. Economic impact surveies are frequently commissioned In order to warrant the usage of big amount of public money towards constantly big influxs of money that will hold a long-run positive consequence on the economic system by such agencies as occupation creative activity and visitant disbursement. Scale of the mega athleticss event which attract big sums of money from outside a local economic system, are forecasted to hold economic impacts in the one million millions of dollars The simple elegance of economic impact surveies, injections of money circulating over and over in an economic system to make a multiplier consequence, has an tempting something for-nothing quality that is difficult to rebut. However to warrant a counter statement can be hard due to legion errors made in economic impact surveies. Critics have focused on legion subjective countries like: 1 ) utilizing multipliers that are excessively big, 2 ) treating costs as benefits, 3 ) ignoring chance costs and 4 ) utilizing gross disbursement alternatively of net alterations. In hosting mega athleticss event the major portion of investing required on building bowls, which to a big grade is spent on engaging building workers and buying stuffs from local providers, is counted as a benefit to the local economic system.

Friedrich St.Florian, About the WWII Memorial Designer

Friedrich St.Florian, About the WWII Memorial Designer Friedrich St.Florian (born December 21, 1932 in Graz, Austria) is widely known for only one work, the National World War II Memorial. His influence on American architecture is mainly from his teaching, first at Columbia University in 1963, and then a lifetime career at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) in Providence, Rhode Island. St.Florians long teaching career places him at the head of the class for mentoring student architects. He is often called a Rhode Island architect, although this is an over-simplification of his world vision.  Settling in the United States in 1967 and a naturalized citizen since 1973, St.Florian has been called a visionary and theoretical architect for his futuristic drawings. St. Florians approach to design melds the theoretical (philosophical) with the practical (pragmatic). He believes that one must explore the philosophical background, define the problem, and then resolve the problem with a timeless design. His design philosophy includes this statement: We approach architectural design as a process that begins with exploration of philosophical underpinnings leading to concept ideas that will be subjected to vigorous testing. To us, how a problem is defined is critical to its resolution. Architectural design is the process of distillation that purifies the confluence of circumstances and ideals. We deal with pragmatic as well as fundamental concerns. In the end, the proposed design solutions are expected to reach beyond utilitarian considerations and stand as an artistic statement of timeless value. St.Florian (who leaves no space within his last name) earned a Masters Degree in Architecture (1958) at Technische Universadad in Graz, Austria, before receiving a Fullbright to study in the U.S. In 1962 he earned a Master of Science Degree in Architecture from Columbia University in New York City, and then headed to New England. While at RISD, he received a Fellowship to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts from 1970 until 1976, becoming a licensed architect in 1974. St.Florian established Friedrich St.Florian Architects in Providence, Rhode Island in 1978. Principal Works St.Florians projects, like most architects, fall into at least two categories - works that got built and those that didnt. In Washington, D.C., the 2004 World War II Memorial (1997-2004) stands center stage on the National Mall, in site of the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument. Closer to his own hometown, one finds many projects in and around Providence, Rhode Island, including the Sky Bridge (2000), the Pratt Hill Town Houses (2005), the House on College Hill (2009), and his own home, the St.Florian Residence, completed in 1989. Many, many architects (most architects) have design plans that are never built. Sometimes they are competition entries that dont win, and sometimes they are theoretical buildings or architecture of the mind - sketches of what if? Some of St.Florians unbuilt designs include the 1972 Georges Pompidour Centre for the Visual Arts, Paris, France (Second Prize with Raimund Abraham); the 1990 Matthson Public Library, Chicago, Illinois (Honorable Mention with Peter Twombly); the 2000 Monument to the Third Millennium; the 2001 National Opera House, Oslo, Norway (compare with the completed Oslo Opera House by the Norwegian architecture firm Snà ¸hetta); the 2008 Vertical Mechanical Parking; and the 2008 House of Arts and Culture (HAC), Beirut, Lebanon. About Theoretical Architecture All design is theoretical until actually built. Every invention was previously just a theory of a working thing, including flying machines, super tall buildings, and homes that use no energy. Many if not all theoretical architects believe that their projects are viable solutions to problems and can (and should) be built. Theoretical architecture is design and building of the mind - on paper, a verbalization, a rendering, a sketch. Some of St.Florians early theoretical works are part of the Museum of Modern Arts (MoMAs) permanent Exhibitions Collections in New York City: 1966, Vertical City: a 300-story cylindrical city designed to take advantage of sunlight above the clouds - The regions beyond the clouds were designated for those most in need of light- hospitals, schools, and the elderly - which could be continually provided by solar technology. 1968, New York Birdcage-Imaginary Architecture: spaces that become real and active only when in use; As in solid, earthbound architecture, each room is a dimensional space, with a floor, a ceiling, and walls, but it has no physical structure; existing only when drawn by the moving airplane, it depends entirely upon the airplanes presence and on the pilots and air-traffic controllers consciousness of designated coordinates. 1974, Himmelbelt: a four-poster bed (a Himmelbelt), set upon a polished stone foundation and beneath a heavenly projection; described as the juxtaposition between real physical space and the imaginary realm of dreams Fast Facts About the WWII Memorial Friedrich St.Florians winning design balances classical and modernist styles of architecture... states the National Park Service website, and celebrates the victory of the greatest generation. Dedicated: May 29, 2004Location: Washington, D.C. Constitution Gardens area of the National Mall, in the vicinity of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the Korean War Veterans MemorialConstruction Materials:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Granite - approximately 17,000 individual stones from South Carolina, Georgia, Brazil, North Carolina, and California  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bronze sculpting  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stainless steel starsSymbolism of Stars: 4,048 gold stars, each symbolize 100 American military dead and missing, representing more than 400,000 of the 16 million who servedSymbolism of Granite Columns: 56 individual pillars, each represent a state or territory of the U.S. during World War II; each pillar has two wreaths, a wheat wreath representing agriculture and an oak wreath symbolizing industry Sources Elements of the Vertical City by Bevin Cline and Tina di Carlo from The Changing of the Avant-Garde: Visionary Architectural Drawings from the Howard Gilman Collection, Terence Riley, ed., New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2002, p. 68 (online accessed November 26, 2012).Birdcage by Bevin Cline from Envisioning Architecture: Drawings from The Museum of Modern Art, Matilda McQuaid, ed., New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2002, p. 154 (online accessed November 26, 2012).Himmelbelt by Bevin Cline and Tina di Carlo from The Changing of the Avant-Garde: Visionary Architectural Drawings from the Howard Gilman Collection, Terence Riley, ed., New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2002, p. 127 (online accessed November 26, 2012).Frequently Asked Questions, History Culture, National Park Service Website. NPS website accessed November 18, 2012Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) Faculty Profile and Curriculum Vitae (PDF), accessed November 18, 2012; Design philosophy from www.fstflorian.com/ph ilosophy.html, accessed November 26, 2012. Getty Images from Mark Wilson and Chip Somodevilla; Library of Congress aerial image by Carol M. Highsmith

Value-chain for loreal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Value-chain for loreal - Assignment Example Value chain within an organization consists of both primary and support activities. Inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, service, and sales and marketing are primary activities. On the other hand, firm infrastructure, HRM, technology development and procurement are support activities (Appendix). L’Oreal used to obtain raw materials and resources from effective suppliers in order to offer high quality unique and differentiated products to target customers. Low supply chain lead time and improved inventory turnover helped L’Oreal to bring efficiency in its overall internal supply chain management process. The management of the organization sources high quality natural raw materials from the suppliers. Original extracts from flowers and leaves are being used to manufacture beauty products and cosmetics (Gong, 2013, p.75). In addition to this, the organization has developed a strong research and development team that helps the organization to manufacture quality products in reasonable price level. The organization has its own distribution channel. In addition to this, the organization has established own retail chain stores across the globe. The distribution team of L’Oreal used to distribute the products to retailers, wholesalers, dealers and large retail chain stores (Tang, 2007, p.32). The management of the organization implemented both online and offline promotional marketing strategies in order to create significant brand awareness among the target customers. Effective celebrity endorsement is the major strength of this brand. In terms of sales, the organization adopted and implemented aggressive selling strategy in order to enhance positive sales growth rate. The management of the organization has ensured effective customer service management process in order to meet the market demand and satisfaction level of target customers. The customers can post their questions and